Strategy for Culture

Strategy for Culture

Designing a policy-making model based on artificial intelligence in educational organizations

Document Type : Original Article

Author
Assistant Professor, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Artificial intelligence is one of the tools that can create significant changes in the learning method. The present study was applied and in terms of research method, mixed, of the type of sequential exploratory design. In the qualitative stage, 30 external documents were analyzed using the content analysis method according to the level of theoretical saturation. The validity of the codes was confirmed using the researcher's self-review method and the reliability was confirmed using the test-retest reliability and inter-coder reliability. In the quantitative stage, after examining the validity (face) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha test) of the researcher-made questionnaire, a statistical sample of 59 people was determined using the Morgan table according to the statistical population (70 people) and distributed among the statistical sample by random sampling. The results showed that the policy-making model based on artificial intelligence in educational organizations includes necessities, characteristics, requirements and consequences. The challenges of this model also included the technical, educational, and social ethics domains. In the technical dimension, the inability to study soft skills related to personality, attitude, commitment, and human behavior; in the educational dimension, the intensification of educational inequalities with the increase in the digital divide among learners; and in the social ethics dimension, the possibility of making unethical decisions ranked highest among the challenges.
Keywords

Subjects


  •  

    • Aldeman, N. L. S., de Sá Urtiga Aita, K. M., Machado, V. P., da Mata Sousa, L. C. D., Coelho, A. G. B., da Silva, A. S., ... & do Monte, S. J. H. (2021). Smartpathk: a platform for teaching glomerulopathies using machine learning. BMC medical education21(1), 248.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02680-1.
    • Anggraini, R., Paramansyah, A., Husnul Fata, T., & Judijanto, L. (2024). Peran
      Artificial Intelligences sebagai Alat Bantu dalam Meningkatkan keterampilan
      Menulis Mahasiswa Pendidikan Agama Islam di Era Disruptif
      . INNOVATIVE:Journal Of Social Science Research, 4(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.31004/innovative.v4i1.8456.
    • Bader, V., & Kaiser, S. (2019). Algorithmic decision-making? The user interface and its role for human involvement in decisions supported by artificial intelligence. Organization, 26(5), 655–672.https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508419855714.
    • Bajunaied, K., Hussin, N., & Kamarudin, S. (2023). Behavioral intention to adopt FinTech services: An extension of unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 9(1), 100010.‏‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100010.
    • Bankins, S., Ocampo, A. C., Marrone, M., Restubog, S. L. D., & Woo, S. E. (2024). A multilevel review of artificial intelligence in organizations: Implications for organizational behavior research and practice. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 45(2), 159-182. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2735.
    • Benbya, H., Davenport, T. H., & Pachidi, S. (2020). Artificial intelligence in organizations: Current state and future opportunities. MIS Quarterly Executive, 19(4).  http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3741983.
    • Borges, A. F., Laurindo, F. J., Spínola, M. M., Gonçalves, R. F., & Mattos, C. A. (2021). The strategic use of artificial intelligence in the digital era: Systematic literature review and future research directions. International journal of information management, 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102225 .
    • Cao, J., Yang, T., Lai, I. K. W., & Wu, J. (2023). RETRACTED: Student acceptance of intelligent tutoring systems during COVID-19: The effect of political influence. International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education, 60(1_suppl), 2495-2509. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207209211003270.
    • Chan, C. K. Y. (2023). A comprehensive AI policy education framework for university teaching and learning. International journal of educational technology in higher education, 20(1), 38.‏ https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00408-3 .
    • Chaudhry, M. A., & Kazim, E. (2022). Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIEd): A high-level academic and industry note 2021. AI and Ethics, 2(1), 157-165.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00074-z .
    • Chen, X., Zou, D., Xie, H., Cheng, G., & Liu, C. (2022). Two decades of artificial intelligence in education. Educational Technology & Society, 25(1), 28-47.‏
    • Chiu, T. K., Meng, H., Chai, C. S., King, I., Wong, S., & Yam, Y. (2021). Creation and evaluation of a pretertiary artificial intelligence (AI) curriculum. IEEE Transactions on Education65(1), 30-39.‏ https://doi.org/ 1109/TE.2021.3085878.
    • Chiu, T. K., Xia, Q., Zhou, X., Chai, C. S., & Cheng, M. (2023). Systematic literature review on opportunities, challenges, and future research recommendations of artificial intelligence in education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence4, 100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100118.
    • Daugherty, P. R., & Wilson, H. J. (2018). Human+ machine: Reimagining work in the age of AI. Harvard Business Press.
    • davis Davis, C. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in Education: Enhancing Learning Experiences through Personalized Adaptation. International Journal of Cyber and IT Service Management, 4(1), 26-32.‏ http://doi.org/10.34306/ijcitsm.v4i1.146 .
    • Galindo-Domínguez, H., Delgado, N., Losada, D., & Etxabe, J. M. (2024). An analysis of the use of artificial intelligence in education in Spain: The in-service teacher’s perspective. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 40(1), 41-56.‏ http://doi.org/10.1080/21532974.2023.2284726 .
    • Ghimire, A., & Edwards, J. (2024, July). From guidelines to governance: A study of ai policies in education. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (pp. 299-307). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.‏ http://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.15601 .
    • Hildesheim, W., (2020). Künstliche Intelligenz im Jahr 2020: Von der Experimentierphase in die Praxis. In Wirtschaftsinformatik & Management, 1-3. http://doi.org/10.1365/s35764-020-00247-1 .
    • Holstein, K., McLaren, B. M., & Aleven, V. (2019). Co-designing a real-time classroom orchestration tool to support teacher-AI complementarity. Grantee Submission.‏ http://doi.org/10.18608/jla.2019.62.3 .
    • Hsieh, Y. Z., Lin, S. S., Luo, Y. C., Jeng, Y. L., Tan, S. W., Chen, C. R., & Chiang, P. Y. (2020). ARCS-assisted teaching robots based on anticipatory computing and emotional big data for improving sustainable learning efficiency and motivation. Sustainability12(14), 5605.‏ http://doi.org/10.3390/su12145605 .
    • Huang, J., Saleh, S., & Liu, Y. (2021). A review on artificial intelligence in education. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(3).‏ http:// doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0077.
    • Huang, S. P. (2018). Effects of using artificial intelligence teaching system for environmental education on environmental knowledge and attitude. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education14(7), 3277-3284.‏ https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/91248 .
    • Hwang, G. J., Xie, H., Wah, B. W., & Gašević, D. (2020). Vision, challenges, roles and research issues of Artificial Intelligence in Education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 1, 100001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100001 .
    • Igbokwe, I. C. (2023). Application of artificial intelligence (AI) in educational management. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 13(3), 300-307.‏ http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.13.03.2023.p13536 .
    • Iliashenko, O., Bikkulova, Z., Dubgorn, A., (2019). Opportunities and challenges of artificial intelligence in healthcare. In E3S Web of Conferences vol. 110, p.02028. EDP Sciences, St. Petersburg. http://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911002028 .

    -  Jonas, D., Maria, E., Widiasari, I. R., Rahardja, U., & Wellem, T. (2024). Design of a TAM Framework with Emotional Variables in the Acceptance of Health-based IoT in Indonesia. ADI Journal on Recent Innovation, 5(2), 146-154.‏ https://doi.org/10.34306/ajri.v5i2.1005 .

    • Jong, M.S.Y. (2022). Pilot Study on Concerns of Teachers of Using Artificial Intelligence in Learning and Teaching. In T.H. Meen (Ed.), 2022 IEEE 5th Eurasian Conference on Educational Innovation (pp. 209-211). Taiwan. http://doi.org/10.1109/ECEI53102.2022.9829459 .
    • Kahn, K., & Winters, N. (2021). Constructionism and AI: A history and possible futures. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(3), 1130-1142.‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13088 .
    • Kaur, D., Uslu, S., & Durresi, A. (2021). Requirements for trustworthy artificial intelligence–a review. In Advances in Networked-Based Information Systems: The 23rd International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems (NBiS-2020) 23(pp. 105-115). Springer International Publishing.‏
    • Kilian, G. R. O. S. S. (2020). WHITE PAPER On Artificial Intelligence-A European approach to excellence and trust.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27953-9_5 .
    • Kim, D., & Wu, J. (2024, October). Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: Examining the AI Policy Landscape at US Institutions. In Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference on Information Technology Education (pp. 68-73).‏
    • https://doi.org/10.1145/3686852.3687076 .
    • Kosasi, S., Lukita, C., Chakim, M. H. R., Faturahman, A., & Kusumawardhani, D. A. R. (2023). The Influence of Digital Artificial Intelligence Technology on Quality of Life with a Global Perspective. Aptisi Transactions on Technopreneurship (ATT), 5(3), 240-250.‏ https://doi.org/10.34306/att.v5i3.354 .
    • Luan, H., Geczy, P., Lai, H., Gobert, J., Yang, S. J., Ogata, H., ... & Tsai, C. C. (2020). Challenges and future directions of big data and artificial intelligence in education. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 580820.‏ https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.580820 .
    • Luckin, R., & Cukurova, M. (2019). Designing educational technologies in the age of AI: A learning sciences‐driven approach. British Journal of Educational Technology50(6), 2824-2838.‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12861 .
    • Mueller, S. T., Hoffman, R. R., Clancey, W., Emrey, A., & Klein, G. (2019). Explanation in human-AI systems: A literature meta-review, synopsis of key ideas and publications, and bibliography for explainable AI. arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.01876.‏ https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.01876 .
    • Nalbant, K. G. (2021). The importance of artificial intelligence in education: a short review. Journal of Review in science and engineering, 2021, 1-15.‏
    • Oleksiewicz, I. (2022). Artificial intelligence versus human–a threat or a necessity of evolution?. Przegląd Europejski, (3), 55-69.‏ https://doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.3.22.4 .
    • Owoc, M. L., Sawicka, A., & Weichbroth, P. (2019, August). Artificial intelligence technologies in education: benefits, challenges and strategies of implementation. In IFIP international workshop on artificial intelligence for knowledge management (pp. 37-58). Cham: Springer International Publishing.‏
    • Raji, I. D., Smart, A., White, R. N., Mitchell, M., Gebru, T., Hutchinson, B., ... & Barnes, P. (2020, January). Closing the AI accountability gap: Defining an end-to-end framework for internal algorithmic auditing. In Proceedings of the 2020 conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency(pp. 33-44).‏ https://doi.org/10.1145/3351095.3372873.
    • Rosak-szyrocka, j. (2024). the role of artificial intelligence in digital education. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization & Management/Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Slaskiej. Seria Organizacji i Zarzadzanie, (195),477-499. https://doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2024.195.32 .
    • Saeed, S. (2023). Education, Online Presence and Cybersecurity Implications: A Study of Information Security Practices of Computing Students in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 15(12), 9426. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129426.
    • Salehnajed Bahrestaghi, Saber, Shoghi, Behza and Heydari Parchekouhi, Ali (2024) A model for applying artificial intelligence in the country's education system: Antecedents and consequences, Quarterly Journal of New Ideas in Psychology, (20)24: 17-1. https://doi.org/10.22034/jnip.2024.1149 .
    • Schkarin, T., & Dobhan, A. (2022). Prerequisites for Applying Artificial Intelligence for Scheduling in Small-and Medium-sized Enterprises. In ICEIS (1)(pp. 529-536).‏ https://doi.org/10.5220/0011064000003179 .
    • Sheikh Shoaei, Hamza. (2021). Challenges, roles and policy making of artificial intelligence research in education. International Conference on Management, Tourism and Technology. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/901398/fa
    • Smith, J. (2022). Applications of artificial intelligence in educational management. Educational Technology Research and Development, 70(2), 457-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-022-09981-1 .
    • Smuha, N. A. (2019). The EU approach to ethics guidelines for trustworthy artificial intelligence. Computer Law Review International20(4), 97-106.‏‏ https://doi.org/10.9785/cri-2019-200402 .
    • Suharmawan, W. (2023). Pemanfaatan Chat Gpt dalam Dunia Pendidikan. Education
      Journal : Journal Education Research And Development, 7(2), 158–166. https://doi.org/10.31537/ej.v7i2.1248 .
    • Suryanti, R., Jahidin, J., & Fadlil, M. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in Education: Bibliometric and Systematic Literature Review from 2019–2024. International Education Trend Issues, 2(2), 231-255.‏ https://doi.org/10.56442/ieti.v2i2.647.
    • Verma, S., & Singh, V. (2022). Impact of artificial intelligence-enabled job characteristics and perceived substitution crisis on innovative work behavior of employees from high-tech firms. Computers in Human Behavior, 131, 107215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107215 .
    • Villegas-Ch, W., Arias-Navarrete, A., & Palacios-Pacheco, X. (2020). Proposal of an Architecture for the Integration of a Chatbot with Artificial Intelligence in a Smart Campus for the Improvement of Learning. Sustainability12(4), 1500. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041500 .
    • Wang, D., Yang, Q., Abdul, A., & Lim, B. Y. (2019, May). Designing theory-driven user-centric explainable AI. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems(pp. 1-15).‏ https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300831 .

    Williams, A., & Bangun, C. S. (2022). Artificial Intelligence System Framework in Improving The Competence of Indonesian Human Resources. International Journal of Cyber and IT Service Management, 2(1), 82-87.‏  https://doi.org/10.34104/ijcism.022.082087