1
Department of Psychology, faculty of Psychology and Education. Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2
Counseling center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
3
Department of Psychology, faculty of psychology and education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
4
Department of Psychology, faculty of psychology and education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
5
Department of Psychology, faculty of psychology and education,Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran.
Abstract
Boundary is a psychological demarcation that protects the integrity of an individual or group or that helps the person or group set realistic limits on participation in a relationship or activity. Clear boundaries are essential for human physical and mental health. The concept of the boundary is largely influenced by the cultural context and can be associated with different meanings for different people. Therefore, it is expected that people have a different understanding of it in any cultural context. The present article begins with this question: how are the semantic structure and the concept of the boundary for Iranians? In firs phase, 289 participants responded to the research questionnaire online. They were asked to provide at least 10 words related to the concept of "boundaries in interpersonal relationships" based on producing the associative terms task. After extraction of 10 most-frequent words, 195 participants were asked to evaluate the pair relationship between these words with using judged-similarity task. Correspondence analysis results showed that these words can be explained by considering the two dimensions: "significance of relationship" and "ease of self-expression". Thus, four situations in relationships can be assumed based on the changes of the two dimensions. It seems that in Iranian culture, the boundary and privacy is a right which in relationship only the person who has higher status can have it.
آریامنش، صابر؛ فلاحچای، رضا و زارعی، اقبال (1392). مقایسه تمایزیافتگی بین زوجهای رضایتمند و زوجهای دارای تعارض زناشویی در شهر بندرعباس. پژوهشهای روانشناسی بالینی ومشاوره. 3 (1)، 98-81.
بیمن، ویلیام (1386). زبان، منزلت و قدرت در ایران. ترجمه رضا مقدم کیا. تهران: نشر نی.
ثریا، سیدمهدی (1388). شخصیت در فرهنگ. تهران: انتشارات دانژه.
چراغی، مونا و ابراهیم، مریم (1397). تحلیل روانشناختی رابطه والد-فرزندی در ضربالمثلهای ایرانی: یک پژوهش کیفی. خانوادهپژوهی، 55، 410-383.
حاتمی، جواد (1392).درباره علم شناختی. تهران: امیرکبیر.
رحمانی، نرگس؛ قسیمی، میترا؛ محتشمی، جمیله؛ علوی مجد، حمید و یغمایی، فریده (1388). علل روانی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی طلاق از دیدگاه متقاضیان طلاق دادگاههای خانواده تهران 86-1385. فصلنامه دنا. دوره 4، شماره 3و 4، 14-1.
زرگر، فاطمه و نشاطدوست، حمید طاهر (1386). بررسی عوامل موثر در بروز طلاق در شهرستان فلاورجان. خانواده پژوهی، 11، 737- 750.
ذبیحزاده, عباس، مظاهری، محمدعلی، حاتمی، جواد، پناغی، لیلی، نیک فرجام، محمدرضا (1396). ساختار معنایی حریم خصوصی در فرهنگ ایرانی: مطالعهای بر مبنای تحلیل تناظر. پژوهشهای روانشناسی اجتماعی، 7 (26)، 36-19.
سامانی، سیامک (1386). بررسی عمدهترین عوامل ایجادکننده درگیریهای زناشویی در گروهی از دانشجویان متاهل در دانشگاه شیراز. خانواده پژوهی، 11 (3)، 658-669.
سریعالقلم، محمود (1390). اقتدارگرایی ایرانی در عهد قاجار. تهران: نشر فرزان روز.
شعبانی، رضا (1394). مبانی تاریخ اجتماعی ایران. تهران: نشر قومس.
شهابی، محمود و قائمپور، محمدعلی (1397). مرزهای اجتماعی-فرهنگی در شهر تهران: بررسی شرایط شیوه مدیریت و پیامدها. فصلنامه تحقیقات فرهنگی ایران. 11 (2)، 160- 133.
عباسعلیزاده، علی (1389). صحنههایی از بگومگوهای همسران. تهران: نشر قطره.
فتحی، الهام؛ اسمعیلی، معصومه؛ فرحبخش، کیومرث؛ دانشپور، منیژه. (1394). حیطههای تعارض و استراتژیهای حل آن در زوجین رضایتمند. فصلنامه فرهنگ مشاوره و رواندرمانی، سال ششم، شماره 24، 54-29.
محسنزاده، فرشاد؛ محمدنظری، علی و عارفی، مختار (1390). مطالعات کیفی عوامل نارضایتی زناشویی و اقدام به طلاق (مطالعه موردی شهر کرمانشاه). فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی زنان، 53، 7-23.
محسنی تبریزی، ع. ر.، معیدفر، س.، گلابی، ف. (1390). بررسی اعتماد اجتماعی با نگاهی نسلی به جامعه. جامعهشناسی کاربردی، 41، 70-41.
مظاهری، محمدعلی؛ صادقی، منصوره السادات؛ روشن، محمد؛ اشتریان، کیومرث؛ احمدی، علییار؛ حمیدی، نفیسه؛ امامی، راحله؛ موتابی، فرشته؛ طهماسیان، کارینه؛ و پناغی، لیلی (1387). سیاستها، راهبردها و راهکارهای کاهش و کنترل طلاق در کشور. طرح تحقیقاتی مصوب شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی. چاپ شده.
هومن، حیدرعلی (1389). تحلیل تناظر و کاربردهای آن. تهران: سمت.
Allan, G., Crow, G., Hawker, S. (2011). Stepfamilies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000). All in a day's work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. Academy of Management Review, 25(3), 472-491.
Boster, J. (2005). Emotion categories across languages. In H. Cohen & C. Lefebvre (Eds.), Handbook of categorization in cognitive science (pp. 188-223). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York: Jason Aronson.
Brown, S. L., & Manning, W. D. (2009). Family boundary ambiguity and the measurement of family structure: The significance of cohabitation. Demography, 46(1), 85-101.
Calo, R. (2011). The boundaries of privacy harm. Ind. LJ, 86, 1131.
Carling, A., Duncan, S., Edwards, R. (2002). Analyzing families: Morality and rationality in policy and practice. London: Routledge.
Carroll, J. S., Olson, C. D., & Buckmiller, N. (2007). Family boundary ambiguity: A 30‐year review of theory, research, and measurement. Family Relations, 56(2), 210-230.
Chan, Y. K. (2000). Privacy in the Family: Its hierarchical and asymmetric nature. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 31, 1, 1-17.
Cheal, D. (2002). Sociology of Family Life. London: McMillan Education.
Cheraghi, M., Mazaheri, M. A., Motabi, F., Panaghi, L., Sadeghi, M. S. (2018). Beyond the Couple: A Qualitative Analysis of Successful In‐law Relationships in Iran. Family Process, x, 1-18.
Cho, M. K., & Sillars, A. (2015). Face threat and face work strategies when family (health) secrets are revealed: A comparison of South Korea and the United States. Journal of Communication, 65(3), 535-557.
Cloud, H., & Townsend, J. (2002). Boundaries in marriage. Zondervan
Danziger, K. (1990). Constructing the subject: Historical origins of psychological research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dickson-Swift, V., James, E. L., Kippen, S., & Liamputtong, P. (2006). Blurring boundaries in qualitative health research on sensitive topics. Qualitative Health Research, 16(6), 853-871.
Greenacre, M. (2007). Correspondence analysis in practice. New York: Chapman & Hall/ CRC press.
Jalali, B. (2005).Iranian families. In McGoldrick, M., Giordano, J., Garcia-Preto, N. (Eds.). Ethnicity & family therapy (451-468). New York: Guilford Publication.
Jaworska, N., & Chupetlovska-Anastasova, A. (2009). A review of multidimensional scaling (MDS) and its utility in various psychological domains. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 5, 1-10.
Kağitçibaşi, Ç. (1996). Family and human development across cultures: A view from the other side. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kerig, P. K. (2005). Revisiting the construct of boundary dissolution: A multidimensional perspective. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 5(2/3), 5-42
Lamm, B., Keller, H., Yovsi, R. D., & Chaudhary, N. (2008). Grand maternal and maternal ethno theories about early child care. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(1), 80-88.
Lamont, M., & Molnár, V. (2002). The study of boundaries in the social sciences. Annual Review of Sociology, 28(1), 167-195.
Lord Nelson, L. G., Summers, J. A., & Turnbull, A. P. (2004). Boundaries in family professional relationships: Implications for special education. Remedial and Special Education, 25(3), 153165.
Luce, R. D., Hoffman, D. D., D'Zmura, M., Iverson, G., & Romney, A. K. (Eds.). (2013). Geometric Representations of Perceptual Phenomena: Papers in Honor of Tarow Indow on His 70th Birthday. Psychology Press.
Luhmann, N. (1982). The differentiation of society, New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Markus, H. R. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implication for cognition, emotion and motivation, Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.
McCarthy, M., Fergus, K., & Miller, D. (2016). ‘I–We’ boundary fluctuations in couple adjustment to rectal cancer and life with a permanent colostomy. Health Psychology Open, 3(1), 2055102916633582.
McPherson, K. E., Kerr, S., McGee, E., Morgan, A., Cheater, F. M., McLean, J., & Egan, J. (2014). The association between social capital and mental health and behavioral problems in children and adolescents: an integrative systematic review. BMC psychology, 2(1), 7.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Moore, C. C., Romney, A. K., & Hsia, T. L. (2000). Shared cognitive representations of perceptual and semantic structures of basic colors in Chinese and English. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97, 5007-5010.
Parkin, R. and Stone, L. (2004). Kinship and family: an anthropological reader. Oxford: Blackwell
Petronio, S. (2002). Boundaries of privacy: Dialectics of disclosure. New York: SUNY Press.
Pizziconi, B. (2007). The lexical mapping of politeness in British English and Japanese. Journal of Politeness Research, 3, 207-241.
Purrington, A. (2014). The concept of leisure cross-culturally: An examination of leisure terms across three languages. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).The Pennsylvania State University.
Romney, A. K., Boyd, J. P., Moore, C. C., Batchelder, W. H., & Brazil, T. J. (1996). Culture as shared cognitive representation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93, 4699-4705.
Romney, A. K., Moore, C. C., Batchelder, W. H., & Hsia, T. L. (2000). Statistical methods for characterizing similarities and differences between semantic structures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97, 518-523.
Rusch, C. D. (2004). Cross-cultural variability of the semantic domain of emotion terms: An examination of English shame and embarrass with Japanese hazukashii. Cross-cultural Research, 38, 236-248.
Sadeghi, M. S., Mazaheri, M. A., Motabi, F., Zahedi, K. (2012). Marital Interactions in Iranian Couples: Examining The Role of Culture. Journal of Comparative Family Studies., Vol. 43, No.2,
Schmied, V., & Lupton, D. (2001). Blurring the boundaries: breastfeeding and maternal subjectivity. Sociology of Health & Illness, 23(2), 234-250.
Weller, S. C., & Romney, A. K. (1990). Metric scaling: Correspondence analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Cheraghi,M. , Bigham,Z. , Zabihzadeh,A. , Nikfarjam,M. R. and Tavassoli,S. (2022). The Meaning of Boundary in Interpersonal Relationships for Iranians: A Study Based on Correspondence Analysis. Strategy for Culture, 15(58), 99-125.
MLA
Cheraghi,M. , , Bigham,Z. , , Zabihzadeh,A. , , Nikfarjam,M. R. , and Tavassoli,S. . "The Meaning of Boundary in Interpersonal Relationships for Iranians: A Study Based on Correspondence Analysis", Strategy for Culture, 15, 58, 2022, 99-125.
HARVARD
Cheraghi M., Bigham Z., Zabihzadeh A., Nikfarjam M. R., Tavassoli S. (2022). 'The Meaning of Boundary in Interpersonal Relationships for Iranians: A Study Based on Correspondence Analysis', Strategy for Culture, 15(58), pp. 99-125.
CHICAGO
M. Cheraghi, Z. Bigham, A. Zabihzadeh, M. R. Nikfarjam and S. Tavassoli, "The Meaning of Boundary in Interpersonal Relationships for Iranians: A Study Based on Correspondence Analysis," Strategy for Culture, 15 58 (2022): 99-125,
VANCOUVER
Cheraghi M., Bigham Z., Zabihzadeh A., Nikfarjam M. R., Tavassoli S. The Meaning of Boundary in Interpersonal Relationships for Iranians: A Study Based on Correspondence Analysis. Strategy for Culture, 2022; 15(58): 99-125.